Hidden away at Winterthur is an archeological fragment collection donated by Mrs. Cazenove G. Lee in 1968 and 1969. The collection includes approximately 139 objects, primarily excavated, a term used loosely in this context), in early twentieth-century Virginia at Lee family homes. They are cataloged under collection numbers 1968.0312-0336 and 1969.0048-56, but this paper focuses on three objects: a stone, a pair of shingles, and a brick. As pieces collected following the destruction of the Civil War in a collection that largely ignores the southern United States, these fragments serve Winterthur as a means of preserving the destruction of the South, in contrast with the decorative arts that make up most of the museum’s collection. Additionally, many of these bricks, stones, ceramics, and glass pieces were likely crafted by enslaved Black workers, an ever-hidden legacy in the museum's collection. Eure starts by addressing the collection itself and the mythos around the Lee family and the fragment’s history. Then, she addresses the popularization of taking objects from the South in the economically unstable post-Civil War years. These fragments differ from the “pillaging the south” narrative for two reasons: First, the fragments were donated by a member of the Lee family, and second, the archaeological fragments are much more mundane than the rest of the objects held by Winterthur and are not on view. The fragments were accepted as part of the collection specifically to be a part of the study collection, according to the acquisition files. As fragments of what we might traditionally see at Winterthur, collected from elite properties, this collection of objects is a unique look into the role of archaeological fragments in material culture studies and the politics of legacy building.

In this piece from the 2022 Tools of the Trade symposium, the author analyzes how artists James Luna and Wendy Red Star utilize their bodies to subvert stereotypes through their representation of systemic issues, museums, and Indigenous presence. Using a decolonial and feminist lens, the piece deconstructs how the works of Luna and Red Star allow the artists to play with Indigenous stereotypes in different ways to create their own versions of themselves, through the portrayal and use of the body alongside their culture.

Abstract: In the final part of this serialization, Krehbiel explores how the romance literature of the medieval period interprets and romanticizes reality through the lens of Arthuriana as a nostalgic, fantastical setting. This addresses the broad themes of romance literature, its origins, and authorship. Romances were written by the troubadours, who either were knights or worked for knights, and they wanted to aggrandize knighthood to their audience, who were also knights. Additionally, the themes of courtly love and chivalry, which define the genre as a whole are important to this discussion. In this piece, the actions and stories of Arthur’s knights, as shown in medieval literature, will be compared to those of real knights. Primarily, this uses works of romance from England and Northern France during the late 12th to mid-13th centuries. These sources will be used in direct comparison of monographs which focus on knights, as well as primary source documents relating to warfare and chivalry. These stories all presented supposedly ideal knights which strictly adhered to codes of chivalry and courtly love that, as we will see, were not followed by actual knights.

In Part one of this three-piece serialization, this piece will compare and contrast fictional knights to their real-life counterparts living around the same time and place as when the legends were written. Primarily, this is in England and France from the mid-twelfth to the early fourteenth centuries. This analysis discusses the ways the literature from this period created an ideal knight that, while inspired by the knights living during this time, was very different.

Furthermore, this paper explores the influence this literature had on knights and their culture. In order to address the differences between fictional and real knights, part one discusses the historical reality of the archetypal knight. In this case, who were knights historically, what did they do, and what was their role in medieval society. While this is a broad topic and covers many centuries and an entire continent, for the sake of simplicity this paper focuses on western Europe, namely England and France from the eleventh to the fourteenth centuries. While some documents found in this research may fall outside of that purview, that is because the question of the development of knighthood is pertinent to this discussion. Furthermore, it should be noted that because knighthood was so quintessentially European, it existed and spread across the continent.

In Part one of this three-piece serialization, this piece will compare and contrast fictional knights to their real-life counterparts living around the same time and place as when the legends were written. Primarily, this is in England and France from the mid-twelfth to the early fourteenth centuries. This analysis discusses the ways the literature from this period created an ideal knight that, while inspired by the knights living during this time, was very different.

Furthermore, this paper explores the influence this literature had on knights and their culture. In order to address the differences between fictional and real knights, part one discusses the historical reality of the archetypal knight. In this case, who were knights historically, what did they do, and what was their role in medieval society. While this is a broad topic and covers many centuries and an entire continent, for the sake of simplicity this paper focuses on western Europe, namely England and France from the eleventh to the fourteenth centuries. While some documents found in this research may fall outside of that purview, that is because the question of the development of knighthood is pertinent to this discussion. Furthermore, it should be noted that because knighthood was so quintessentially European, it existed and spread across the continent.

The survey photographs of Timothy O’Sullivan have long been associated with the canon of American photography and the material culture of the later nineteenth-century that precipitated artistic modernism. O’Sullivan’s photographs are renowned for their rendering of the harsh desert landscapes of the American Southwest and the particular attention they pay to the geological features of the terrain. In the critical literature, debate about whether the photographs are to be seen as objects of artistic expression or scientific documentation has preoccupied the scholarship. Such a framing, however, distorts O’Sullivan’s more complicated engagement with the materiality of the landscape conceived in evolutionary terms as a dynamic process that changes over time to which the photographic apparatus comes into material relation as a capture of light in duration. This article argues that O’Sullivan’s interest in the materiality of the earth and in photography as a material process originates in an earlier nineteenth-century dialogue between geological science and American landscape painting. The article demonstrates how the visual culture of the American West is part of this relationship and how O’Sullivan’s photography belongs to this wider interest in the material formation of the earth in nineteenth-century American culture. With this historical perspective in mind, the paper argues that O’Sullivan’s photographs exhibit a proto-ecological awareness of the landscape as raw material and subject matter, as well as comment on the relation between photography and nature. More broadly, the article suggests that the problem of materiality, usually associated with twentieth-century art theory, has its origins in the scientific culture of the nineteenth-century, when the distinctions between scientific, utilitarian, and artistic objects were blurred